you mean someone who wasn't famous until a portrait was made of them, and then that portrait made them famous?
Yes. There are lots of portraits of famous people: Warhol's Marilyn, Will Cotton's Katy Perry, Chuck Close's Kate Moss, etc... And I'm not including self-portraits, portraits of the artist's family, or sitters famous within the artist's oeuvre... but pretty much known outside.
The Afghanistan peasant girl with the piercing eyes - only that was a photograph.
Yes, I suspect there are more than a few photographic portraits that made the person famous. Beyond the Afghan girl I immediately think of the Vietnamese girl running from napalm.
I made a brief survey of my digital files on portrait and figure painters with little luck beyond Freud's painting of Sue Tilley or the Benefits Survivor Sleeping.